考研

　　导语：众所周知，《经济学人》中的文章频频出现在历年的 考研英语阅读理解试题中。因此，各位 2016考研的考生在复习考研英语过程中，可以多看看经济学人中的文章。 文都网校考研为大家分享经济学人中的文章，希望对2016的考生有所帮助。

　　Mitochondria and male lifespan

　　粒腺体影响男性寿命

　　Power down

　　粒腺体阻断

　　Women outlive men. An evolutionary curiosity mayexplain this

　　女性比男性寿命长久。欲知为何，请看进化学分解

　　Mankiller?

　　男性健康杀手?

　　WHY past generations regarded women as the weaker sex is a mystery to anyone who hasexamined the question objectively, for they are far stronger than men—outliving them in prettywell every society in the world. Partly that is because men are more violent, and their violenceis largely directed at other men. But partly it is physiological. Men seem to wear out faster thanwomen do. Yet no one knows why.

　　过去，人们认为女性比男性弱，而这对于客观地调查过此现象的人来说是个迷，因为女性比男性寿命长，很多国家或地区都是如此。在一定程度上，这可能是因为男性要狂暴一些，而且他们的狂暴是针对其他男性。但也有可能是受生理影响。男性精力耗损要比女性快。个中缘由还没有人知道。

　　Madeleine Beekman of the University of Sydney, Australia, and her colleagues, however, have ahypothesis. As they outline in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,they think at least some of the blame lies with subcellular structures called mitochondria(pictured), which provide the body with its power by burning glucose and using the energy thusreleased to make ATP, a molecule that is biology's universal fuel.

　　玛德琳·比克曼是澳大利亚悉尼大学工作者，她跟同事一起提出一种假说。他们在皇家学会哲学学报发表的一篇论文中指出，男性寿命比女性短的原因可能取决于亚细胞结构，也就是粒腺体。粒腺体通过燃烧葡萄糖为机体提供能量，利用该能量释放三磷腺苷，三磷腺苷是整个机体的燃料。

　　Mitochondria are intriguing. They are descendants of bacteria that teamed up with theancestors of animal and plant cells about a billion years ago. As such, they retain their owngenes. And this is where the problems start. To avoid fights between genetically differentmitochondria in the same cell, most species have arranged for their mitochondria to come fromonly one parent—usually the mother. This means, as Dr Beekman notes, that a male'smitochondria are stuck in an evolutionary dead end. They cannot evolve in male-specificways, because no matter how much good they do a male body they inhabit, they will not bepassed on to the next generation.

　　粒腺体很有趣。他们是细菌与十亿年前的动物或植物祖先的衍生物。如此便保留住了基因。这就是问题的开始。从遗传学角度讲，为了避免同一个细胞内不同的粒腺体相互排斥，大多数生物都会选择系属同一个细胞的线粒体，通常是同一个雌细胞。如比克曼博士所提到的一样，雄性线粒体陷入进化死胡同。雄性线粒体不能逐渐形成雄性专一方式，因为雄性线粒体在雄性生物体上栖息的多么好，都不能繁衍到下一代。

　　Male and female physiologies are sufficiently similar for this not to be a central problem, but DrBeekman thinks it may matter at the margins. She observes that one disease, called Leber'shereditary optic neuropathy, which is caused by a faulty mitochondrial gene, occurs in only10% of women whose cellular power-packs include the damaged gene, but in 50% of menwhose mitochondria are so encumbered. The gene in question, in other words, is less likely toharm a woman than a man. She then lists a lot of other diseases, including ones far commonerthan Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (such as cardiomyopathy, diabetes and severalforms of deafness) that sometimes or always have a mitochondrial component, and speculatesthat some of these, too, may prove to be either more common or more serious in men than inwomen. As far as her searches of the literature can show, this is not something that has yetbeen looked into.

　　这和女性和男性生生理机能十分相似，但又不是中心问题。比克曼博士认为，这可能关系到margin。她仔细观察了一种名为利伯氏视神经病变的疾病，是有缺陷的粒腺体基因引起的。女性的发病率只有10%，女性细胞还包括受损细胞。而男性发病率高达50%，主要是粒腺体堵塞引起的 。比克曼博士又列举出了其他疾病，这比利伯氏视神经病变要常见的多(例如心肌病、糖尿病和其他耳聋症)，这些疾病有时或经常含有粒腺体成分。男性患此类疾病的发病率比女性高，男性患者也比女性患者病情严重的多。此篇论文的研究程度所达程度并不是如此，而且这类问题早已有人考虑过。

　　Part of the reason for this absence of information may be that few doctors think likeevolutionary biologists, so they fail to ask the appropriate questions. Dr Beekman'shypothesis may turn out to be wrong. But it sounds eminently plausible, and certainly worthinvestigating.

　　关于这些研究缺乏信息可能是因为没有几个医生研究这类问题，比如进化生物学，他们也无法提出合适的问题。比克曼教授的假说也许是错误的，但是，这种假说看起来很理，有研究价值。

　　【重点讲解】

　　1.regard to 关于，至于

　　例句:Try to view situations more objectively,especially with regard to work.

　　要尽量客观地分析情况，尤其是在工作上。

　　2.seem to 看来，好像

　　例句:The high divorce figures don't seem to beputting people off marriage.

　　离婚的人很多，但这好像并没有打消人们对结婚的热情。

　　3.wear out 用坏;穿破

　　例句:It is better to wear out than rust out.

　　与其懒死,不如累死。

　　4.team up with 与…合作

　　例句:He didn't want to team up with anybody.

　　他不想与任何人合作。

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